busybox/libbb/xfuncs.c

/* vi: set sw=4 ts=4: */
/*
 * Utility routines.
 *
 * Copyright (C) 1999-2004 by Erik Andersen <andersen@codepoet.org>
 * Copyright (C) 2006 Rob Landley
 * Copyright (C) 2006 Denis Vlasenko
 *
 * Licensed under GPL version 2, see file LICENSE in this tarball for details.
 */

#include "busybox.h"

/* All the functions starting with "x" call bb_error_msg_and_die() if they
 * fail, so callers never need to check for errors.  If it returned, it
 * succeeded. */

#ifndef DMALLOC
/* dmalloc provides variants of these that do abort() on failure.
 * Since dmalloc's prototypes overwrite the impls here as they are
 * included after these prototypes in libbb.h, all is well.
 */
// Die if we can't allocate size bytes of memory.
void *xmalloc(size_t size)
{
	void *ptr = malloc(size);
	if (ptr == NULL && size != 0)
		bb_error_msg_and_die(bb_msg_memory_exhausted);
	return ptr;
}

// Die if we can't resize previously allocated memory.  (This returns a pointer
// to the new memory, which may or may not be the same as the old memory.
// It'll copy the contents to a new chunk and free the old one if necessary.)
void *xrealloc(void *ptr, size_t size)
{
	ptr = realloc(ptr, size);
	if (ptr == NULL && size != 0)
		bb_error_msg_and_die(bb_msg_memory_exhausted);
	return ptr;
}
#endif /* DMALLOC */

// Die if we can't allocate and zero size bytes of memory.
void *xzalloc(size_t size)
{
	void *ptr = xmalloc(size);
	memset(ptr, 0, size);
	return ptr;
}

// Die if we can't copy a string to freshly allocated memory.
char * xstrdup(const char *s)
{
	char *t;

	if (s == NULL)
		return NULL;

	t = strdup(s);

	if (t == NULL)
		bb_error_msg_and_die(bb_msg_memory_exhausted);

	return t;
}

// Die if we can't allocate n+1 bytes (space for the null terminator) and copy
// the (possibly truncated to length n) string into it.
char * xstrndup(const char *s, int n)
{
	int m;
	char *t;

	if (ENABLE_DEBUG && s == NULL)
		bb_error_msg_and_die("xstrndup bug");

	/* We can just xmalloc(n+1) and strncpy into it, */
	/* but think about xstrndup("abc", 10000) wastage! */
	m = n;
	t = (char*) s;
	while (m) {
		if (!*t) break;
		m--;
		t++;
	}
	n -= m;
	t = xmalloc(n + 1);
	t[n] = '\0';

	return memcpy(t, s, n);
}

// Die if we can't open a file and return a FILE * to it.
// Notice we haven't got xfread(), This is for use with fscanf() and friends.
FILE *xfopen(const char *path, const char *mode)
{
	FILE *fp = fopen(path, mode);
	if (fp == NULL)
		bb_perror_msg_and_die("%s", path);
	return fp;
}

// Die if we can't open an existing file and return an fd.
int xopen(const char *pathname, int flags)
{
	//if (ENABLE_DEBUG && (flags & O_CREAT))
	//	bb_error_msg_and_die("xopen() with O_CREAT");

	return xopen3(pathname, flags, 0666);
}

// Die if we can't open a new file and return an fd.
int xopen3(const char *pathname, int flags, int mode)
{
	int ret;

	ret = open(pathname, flags, mode);
	if (ret < 0) {
		bb_perror_msg_and_die("%s", pathname);
	}
	return ret;
}

// Turn on nonblocking I/O on a fd
int ndelay_on(int fd)
{
	return fcntl(fd,F_SETFL,fcntl(fd,F_GETFL,0) | O_NONBLOCK);
}

int ndelay_off(int fd)
{
	return fcntl(fd,F_SETFL,fcntl(fd,F_GETFL,0) & ~O_NONBLOCK);
}

// Die with an error message if we can't write the entire buffer.
void xwrite(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count)
{
	if (count) {
		ssize_t size = full_write(fd, buf, count);
		if (size != count)
			bb_error_msg_and_die("short write");
	}
}

// Die with an error message if we can't lseek to the right spot.
off_t xlseek(int fd, off_t offset, int whence)
{
	off_t off = lseek(fd, offset, whence);
	if (off == (off_t)-1) {
		if (whence == SEEK_SET)
			bb_perror_msg_and_die("lseek(%"OFF_FMT"u)", offset);
		bb_perror_msg_and_die("lseek");
	}
	return off;
}

// Die with supplied filename if this FILE * has ferror set.
void die_if_ferror(FILE *fp, const char *fn)
{
	if (ferror(fp)) {
		bb_error_msg_and_die("%s: I/O error", fn);
	}
}

// Die with an error message if stdout has ferror set.
void die_if_ferror_stdout(void)
{
	die_if_ferror(stdout, bb_msg_standard_output);
}

// Die with an error message if we have trouble flushing stdout.
void xfflush_stdout(void)
{
	if (fflush(stdout)) {
		bb_perror_msg_and_die(bb_msg_standard_output);
	}
}

// This does a fork/exec in one call, using vfork().  Return PID of new child,
// -1 for failure.  Runs argv[0], searching path if that has no / in it.
pid_t spawn(char **argv)
{
	/* Why static? */
	static int failed;
	pid_t pid;
	void *app = ENABLE_FEATURE_SH_STANDALONE_SHELL ? find_applet_by_name(argv[0]) : 0;

	// Be nice to nommu machines.
	failed = 0;
	pid = vfork();
	if (pid < 0) return pid;
	if (!pid) {
		execvp(app ? CONFIG_BUSYBOX_EXEC_PATH : *argv, argv);

		// We're sharing a stack with blocked parent, let parent know we failed
		// and then exit to unblock parent (but don't run atexit() stuff, which
		// would screw up parent.)

		failed = errno;
		_exit(0);
	}
	if (failed) {
		errno = failed;
		return -1;
	}
	return pid;
}

// Die with an error message if we can't spawn a child process.
pid_t xspawn(char **argv)
{
	pid_t pid = spawn(argv);
	if (pid < 0) bb_perror_msg_and_die("%s", *argv);
	return pid;
}

// Wait for the specified child PID to exit, returning child's error return.
int wait4pid(int pid)
{
	int status;

	if (pid == -1 || waitpid(pid, &status, 0) == -1) return -1;
	if (WIFEXITED(status)) return WEXITSTATUS(status);
	if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) return WTERMSIG(status);
	return 0;
}

void xsetenv(const char *key, const char *value)
{
	if (setenv(key, value, 1))
		bb_error_msg_and_die(bb_msg_memory_exhausted);
}

// Converts unsigned long long value into compact 4-char
// representation. Examples: "1234", "1.2k", " 27M", "123T"
// Fifth char is always '\0'
void smart_ulltoa5(unsigned long long ul, char buf[5])
{
	char *fmt;
	char c;
	unsigned v,idx = 0;
	ul *= 10;
	if (ul > 9999*10) { // do not scale if 9999 or less
		while (ul >= 10000) {
			ul /= 1024;
			idx++;
		}
	}
	v = ul; // ullong divisions are expensive, avoid them

	fmt = " 123456789";
	if (!idx) {		// 9999 or less: use 1234 format
		c = buf[0] = " 123456789"[v/10000];
		if (c!=' ') fmt = "0123456789";
		c = buf[1] = fmt[v/1000%10];
		if (c!=' ') fmt = "0123456789";
		buf[2] = fmt[v/100%10];
		buf[3] = "0123456789"[v/10%10];
	} else {
		if (v>=10*10) {	// scaled value is >=10: use 123M format
			c = buf[0] = " 123456789"[v/1000];
			if (c!=' ') fmt = "0123456789";
			buf[1] = fmt[v/100%10];
			buf[2] = "0123456789"[v/10%10];
		} else {	// scaled value is <10: use 1.2M format
			buf[0] = "0123456789"[v/10];
			buf[1] = '.';
			buf[2] = "0123456789"[v%10];
		}
		// see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera
		buf[3] = " kMGTPEZY"[idx];
	}
	buf[4] = '\0';
}

// Convert unsigned integer to ascii, writing into supplied buffer.  A
// truncated result is always null terminated (unless buflen is 0), and
// contains the first few digits of the result ala strncpy.
void BUG_sizeof_unsigned_not_4(void);
void utoa_to_buf(unsigned n, char *buf, unsigned buflen)
{
	unsigned i, out, res;
	if (sizeof(unsigned) != 4)
		BUG_sizeof_unsigned_not_4();
	if (buflen) {
		out = 0;
		for (i = 1000000000; i; i /= 10) {
			res = n / i;
			if (res || out || i == 1) {
				if (!--buflen) break;
				out++;
				n -= res*i;
				*buf++ = '0' + res;
			}
		}
		*buf = '\0';
	}
}

// Convert signed integer to ascii, like utoa_to_buf()
void itoa_to_buf(int n, char *buf, unsigned buflen)
{
	if (buflen && n<0) {
		n = -n;
		*buf++ = '-';
		buflen--;
	}
	utoa_to_buf((unsigned)n, buf, buflen);
}

// The following two functions use a static buffer, so calling either one a
// second time will overwrite previous results.
//
// The largest 32 bit integer is -2 billion plus null terminator, or 12 bytes.
// Int should always be 32 bits on any remotely Unix-like system, see
// http://www.unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html for the reasons why.

static char local_buf[12];

// Convert unsigned integer to ascii using a static buffer (returned).
char *utoa(unsigned n)
{
	utoa_to_buf(n, local_buf, sizeof(local_buf));

	return local_buf;
}

// Convert signed integer to ascii using a static buffer (returned).
char *itoa(int n)
{
	itoa_to_buf(n, local_buf, sizeof(local_buf));

	return local_buf;
}

// Emit a string of hex representation of bytes
char *bin2hex(char *p, const char *cp, int count)
{
	while (count) {
		unsigned char c = *cp++;
		/* put lowercase hex digits */
		*p++ = 0x20 | bb_hexdigits_upcase[c >> 4];
		*p++ = 0x20 | bb_hexdigits_upcase[c & 0xf];
		count--;
	}
	return p;
}

// Die with an error message if we can't set gid.  (Because resource limits may
// limit this user to a given number of processes, and if that fills up the
// setgid() will fail and we'll _still_be_root_, which is bad.)
void xsetgid(gid_t gid)
{
	if (setgid(gid)) bb_error_msg_and_die("setgid");
}

// Die with an error message if we can't set uid.  (See xsetgid() for why.)
void xsetuid(uid_t uid)
{
	if (setuid(uid)) bb_error_msg_and_die("setuid");
}

// Return how long the file at fd is, if there's any way to determine it.
off_t fdlength(int fd)
{
	off_t bottom = 0, top = 0, pos;
	long size;

	// If the ioctl works for this, return it.

	if (ioctl(fd, BLKGETSIZE, &size) >= 0) return size*512;

	// FIXME: explain why lseek(SEEK_END) is not used here!

	// If not, do a binary search for the last location we can read.  (Some
	// block devices don't do BLKGETSIZE right.)

	do {
		char temp;

		pos = bottom + (top - bottom) / 2;

		// If we can read from the current location, it's bigger.

		if (lseek(fd, pos, SEEK_SET)>=0 && safe_read(fd, &temp, 1)==1) {
			if (bottom == top) bottom = top = (top+1) * 2;
			else bottom = pos;

		// If we can't, it's smaller.

		} else {
			if (bottom == top) {
				if (!top) return 0;
				bottom = top/2;
			}
			else top = pos;
		}
	} while (bottom + 1 != top);

	return pos + 1;
}

// Die with an error message if we can't malloc() enough space and do an
// sprintf() into that space.
char *xasprintf(const char *format, ...)
{
	va_list p;
	int r;
	char *string_ptr;

#if 1
	// GNU extension
	va_start(p, format);
	r = vasprintf(&string_ptr, format, p);
	va_end(p);
#else
	// Bloat for systems that haven't got the GNU extension.
	va_start(p, format);
	r = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, format, p);
	va_end(p);
	string_ptr = xmalloc(r+1);
	va_start(p, format);
	r = vsnprintf(string_ptr, r+1, format, p);
	va_end(p);
#endif

	if (r < 0) bb_error_msg_and_die(bb_msg_memory_exhausted);
	return string_ptr;
}

#if 0 /* If we will ever meet a libc which hasn't [f]dprintf... */
int fdprintf(int fd, const char *format, ...)
{
	va_list p;
	int r;
	char *string_ptr;

#if 1
	// GNU extension
	va_start(p, format);
	r = vasprintf(&string_ptr, format, p);
	va_end(p);
#else
	// Bloat for systems that haven't got the GNU extension.
	va_start(p, format);
	r = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, format, p);
	va_end(p);
	string_ptr = xmalloc(r+1);
	va_start(p, format);
	r = vsnprintf(string_ptr, r+1, format, p);
	va_end(p);
#endif

	if (r >= 0) {
		full_write(fd, string_ptr, r);
		free(string_ptr);
	}
	return r;
}
#endif

// Die with an error message if we can't copy an entire FILE * to stdout, then
// close that file.
void xprint_and_close_file(FILE *file)
{
	fflush(stdout);
	// copyfd outputs error messages for us.
	if (bb_copyfd_eof(fileno(file), 1) == -1)
		exit(xfunc_error_retval);

	fclose(file);
}

// Die if we can't chdir to a new path.
void xchdir(const char *path)
{
	if (chdir(path))
		bb_perror_msg_and_die("chdir(%s)", path);
}

// Print a warning message if opendir() fails, but don't die.
DIR *warn_opendir(const char *path)
{
	DIR *dp;

	if ((dp = opendir(path)) == NULL) {
		bb_perror_msg("cannot open '%s'", path);
		return NULL;
	}
	return dp;
}

// Die with an error message if opendir() fails.
DIR *xopendir(const char *path)
{
	DIR *dp;

	if ((dp = opendir(path)) == NULL)
		bb_perror_msg_and_die("cannot open '%s'", path);
	return dp;
}

#ifndef BB_NOMMU
// Die with an error message if we can't daemonize.
void xdaemon(int nochdir, int noclose)
{
	if (daemon(nochdir, noclose))
		bb_perror_msg_and_die("daemon");
}
#endif

void bb_sanitize_stdio_maybe_daemonize(int daemonize)
{
	int fd;
	/* Mega-paranoid */
	fd = xopen(bb_dev_null, O_RDWR);
	while (fd < 2)
		fd = dup(fd); /* have 0,1,2 open at least to /dev/null */
	if (daemonize) {
		pid_t pid = fork();
		if (pid < 0) /* wtf? */
			bb_perror_msg_and_die("fork");
		if (pid) /* parent */
			exit(0);
    		/* child */
		/* if daemonizing, make sure we detach from stdio */
		setsid();
		dup2(fd, 0);
		dup2(fd, 1);
		dup2(fd, 2);
	}
	while (fd > 2)
		close(fd--); /* close everything after fd#2 */
}
void bb_sanitize_stdio(void)
{
	bb_sanitize_stdio_maybe_daemonize(0);
}
void bb_daemonize(void)
{
	bb_sanitize_stdio_maybe_daemonize(1);
}

// Die with an error message if we can't open a new socket.
int xsocket(int domain, int type, int protocol)
{
	int r = socket(domain, type, protocol);

	if (r < 0) bb_perror_msg_and_die("socket");

	return r;
}

// Die with an error message if we can't bind a socket to an address.
void xbind(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *my_addr, socklen_t addrlen)
{
	if (bind(sockfd, my_addr, addrlen)) bb_perror_msg_and_die("bind");
}

// Die with an error message if we can't listen for connections on a socket.
void xlisten(int s, int backlog)
{
	if (listen(s, backlog)) bb_perror_msg_and_die("listen");
}

// xstat() - a stat() which dies on failure with meaningful error message
void xstat(char *name, struct stat *stat_buf)
{
	if (stat(name, stat_buf))
		bb_perror_msg_and_die("can't stat '%s'", name);
}

/* It is perfectly ok to pass in a NULL for either width or for
 * height, in which case that value will not be set.  */
int get_terminal_width_height(int fd, int *width, int *height)
{
	struct winsize win = { 0, 0, 0, 0 };
	int ret = ioctl(fd, TIOCGWINSZ, &win);

	if (height) {
		if (!win.ws_row) {
			char *s = getenv("LINES");
			if (s) win.ws_row = atoi(s);
		}
		if (win.ws_row <= 1 || win.ws_row >= 30000)
			win.ws_row = 24;
		*height = (int) win.ws_row;
	}

	if (width) {
		if (!win.ws_col) {
			char *s = getenv("COLUMNS");
			if (s) win.ws_col = atoi(s);
		}
		if (win.ws_col <= 1 || win.ws_col >= 30000)
			win.ws_col = 80;
		*width = (int) win.ws_col;
	}

	return ret;
}
1	/* vi: set sw=4 ts=4: */
2	/*
3	* Utility routines.
4	*
5	* Copyright (C) 1999-2004 by Erik Andersen <andersen@codepoet.org>
6	* Copyright (C) 2006 Rob Landley
7	* Copyright (C) 2006 Denis Vlasenko
8	*
9	* Licensed under GPL version 2, see file LICENSE in this tarball for details.
10	*/
11
12	#include "busybox.h"
13
14	/* All the functions starting with "x" call bb_error_msg_and_die() if they
15	* fail, so callers never need to check for errors. If it returned, it
16	* succeeded. */
17
18	#ifndef DMALLOC
19	/* dmalloc provides variants of these that do abort() on failure.
20	* Since dmalloc's prototypes overwrite the impls here as they are
21	* included after these prototypes in libbb.h, all is well.
22	*/
23	// Die if we can't allocate size bytes of memory.
24	void *xmalloc(size_t size)
25	{
26	void *ptr = malloc(size);
27	if (ptr == NULL && size != 0)
28	bb_error_msg_and_die(bb_msg_memory_exhausted);
29	return ptr;
30	}
31
32	// Die if we can't resize previously allocated memory. (This returns a pointer
33	// to the new memory, which may or may not be the same as the old memory.
34	// It'll copy the contents to a new chunk and free the old one if necessary.)
35	void xrealloc(void ptr, size_t size)
36	{
37	ptr = realloc(ptr, size);
38	if (ptr == NULL && size != 0)
39	bb_error_msg_and_die(bb_msg_memory_exhausted);
40	return ptr;
41	}
42	#endif /* DMALLOC */
43
44	// Die if we can't allocate and zero size bytes of memory.
45	void *xzalloc(size_t size)
46	{
47	void *ptr = xmalloc(size);
48	memset(ptr, 0, size);
49	return ptr;
50	}
51
52	// Die if we can't copy a string to freshly allocated memory.
53	char * xstrdup(const char *s)
54	{
55	char *t;
56
57	if (s == NULL)
58	return NULL;
59
60	t = strdup(s);
61
62	if (t == NULL)
63	bb_error_msg_and_die(bb_msg_memory_exhausted);
64
65	return t;
66	}
67
68	// Die if we can't allocate n+1 bytes (space for the null terminator) and copy
69	// the (possibly truncated to length n) string into it.
70	char * xstrndup(const char *s, int n)
71	{
72	int m;
73	char *t;
74
75	if (ENABLE_DEBUG && s == NULL)
76	bb_error_msg_and_die("xstrndup bug");
77
78	/* We can just xmalloc(n+1) and strncpy into it, */
79	/* but think about xstrndup("abc", 10000) wastage! */
80	m = n;
81	t = (char*) s;
82	while (m) {
83	if (!*t) break;
84	m--;
85	t++;
86	}
87	n -= m;
88	t = xmalloc(n + 1);
89	t[n] = '\0';
90
91	return memcpy(t, s, n);
92	}
93
94	// Die if we can't open a file and return a FILE * to it.
95	// Notice we haven't got xfread(), This is for use with fscanf() and friends.
96	FILE xfopen(const char path, const char *mode)
97	{
98	FILE *fp = fopen(path, mode);
99	if (fp == NULL)
100	bb_perror_msg_and_die("%s", path);
101	return fp;
102	}
103
104	// Die if we can't open an existing file and return an fd.
105	int xopen(const char *pathname, int flags)
106	{
107	//if (ENABLE_DEBUG && (flags & O_CREAT))
108	// bb_error_msg_and_die("xopen() with O_CREAT");
109
110	return xopen3(pathname, flags, 0666);
111	}
112
113	// Die if we can't open a new file and return an fd.
114	int xopen3(const char *pathname, int flags, int mode)
115	{
116	int ret;
117
118	ret = open(pathname, flags, mode);
119	if (ret < 0) {
120	bb_perror_msg_and_die("%s", pathname);
121	}
122	return ret;
123	}
124
125	// Turn on nonblocking I/O on a fd
126	int ndelay_on(int fd)
127	{
128	return fcntl(fd,F_SETFL,fcntl(fd,F_GETFL,0) \| O_NONBLOCK);
129	}
130
131	int ndelay_off(int fd)
132	{
133	return fcntl(fd,F_SETFL,fcntl(fd,F_GETFL,0) & ~O_NONBLOCK);
134	}
135
136	// Die with an error message if we can't write the entire buffer.
137	void xwrite(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count)
138	{
139	if (count) {
140	ssize_t size = full_write(fd, buf, count);
141	if (size != count)
142	bb_error_msg_and_die("short write");
143	}
144	}
145
146	// Die with an error message if we can't lseek to the right spot.
147	off_t xlseek(int fd, off_t offset, int whence)
148	{
149	off_t off = lseek(fd, offset, whence);
150	if (off == (off_t)-1) {
151	if (whence == SEEK_SET)
152	bb_perror_msg_and_die("lseek(%"OFF_FMT"u)", offset);
153	bb_perror_msg_and_die("lseek");
154	}
155	return off;
156	}
157
158	// Die with supplied filename if this FILE * has ferror set.
159	void die_if_ferror(FILE fp, const char fn)
160	{
161	if (ferror(fp)) {
162	bb_error_msg_and_die("%s: I/O error", fn);
163	}
164	}
165
166	// Die with an error message if stdout has ferror set.
167	void die_if_ferror_stdout(void)
168	{
169	die_if_ferror(stdout, bb_msg_standard_output);
170	}
171
172	// Die with an error message if we have trouble flushing stdout.
173	void xfflush_stdout(void)
174	{
175	if (fflush(stdout)) {
176	bb_perror_msg_and_die(bb_msg_standard_output);
177	}
178	}
179
180	// This does a fork/exec in one call, using vfork(). Return PID of new child,
181	// -1 for failure. Runs argv[0], searching path if that has no / in it.
182	pid_t spawn(char **argv)
183	{
184	/* Why static? */
185	static int failed;
186	pid_t pid;
187	void *app = ENABLE_FEATURE_SH_STANDALONE_SHELL ? find_applet_by_name(argv[0]) : 0;
188
189	// Be nice to nommu machines.
190	failed = 0;
191	pid = vfork();
192	if (pid < 0) return pid;
193	if (!pid) {
194	execvp(app ? CONFIG_BUSYBOX_EXEC_PATH : *argv, argv);
195
196	// We're sharing a stack with blocked parent, let parent know we failed
197	// and then exit to unblock parent (but don't run atexit() stuff, which
198	// would screw up parent.)
199
200	failed = errno;
201	_exit(0);
202	}
203	if (failed) {
204	errno = failed;
205	return -1;
206	}
207	return pid;
208	}
209
210	// Die with an error message if we can't spawn a child process.
211	pid_t xspawn(char **argv)
212	{
213	pid_t pid = spawn(argv);
214	if (pid < 0) bb_perror_msg_and_die("%s", *argv);
215	return pid;
216	}
217
218	// Wait for the specified child PID to exit, returning child's error return.
219	int wait4pid(int pid)
220	{
221	int status;
222
223	if (pid == -1 \|\| waitpid(pid, &status, 0) == -1) return -1;
224	if (WIFEXITED(status)) return WEXITSTATUS(status);
225	if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) return WTERMSIG(status);
226	return 0;
227	}
228
229	void xsetenv(const char key, const char value)
230	{
231	if (setenv(key, value, 1))
232	bb_error_msg_and_die(bb_msg_memory_exhausted);
233	}
234
235	// Converts unsigned long long value into compact 4-char
236	// representation. Examples: "1234", "1.2k", " 27M", "123T"
237	// Fifth char is always '\0'
238	void smart_ulltoa5(unsigned long long ul, char buf[5])
239	{
240	char *fmt;
241	char c;
242	unsigned v,idx = 0;
243	ul *= 10;
244	if (ul > 9999*10) { // do not scale if 9999 or less
245	while (ul >= 10000) {
246	ul /= 1024;
247	idx++;
248	}
249	}
250	v = ul; // ullong divisions are expensive, avoid them
251
252	fmt = " 123456789";
253	if (!idx) { // 9999 or less: use 1234 format
254	c = buf[0] = " 123456789"[v/10000];
255	if (c!=' ') fmt = "0123456789";
256	c = buf[1] = fmt[v/1000%10];
257	if (c!=' ') fmt = "0123456789";
258	buf[2] = fmt[v/100%10];
259	buf[3] = "0123456789"[v/10%10];
260	} else {
261	if (v>=10*10) { // scaled value is >=10: use 123M format
262	c = buf[0] = " 123456789"[v/1000];
263	if (c!=' ') fmt = "0123456789";
264	buf[1] = fmt[v/100%10];
265	buf[2] = "0123456789"[v/10%10];
266	} else { // scaled value is <10: use 1.2M format
267	buf[0] = "0123456789"[v/10];
268	buf[1] = '.';
269	buf[2] = "0123456789"[v%10];
270	}
271	// see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera
272	buf[3] = " kMGTPEZY"[idx];
273	}
274	buf[4] = '\0';
275	}
276
277	// Convert unsigned integer to ascii, writing into supplied buffer. A
278	// truncated result is always null terminated (unless buflen is 0), and
279	// contains the first few digits of the result ala strncpy.
280	void BUG_sizeof_unsigned_not_4(void);
281	void utoa_to_buf(unsigned n, char *buf, unsigned buflen)
282	{
283	unsigned i, out, res;
284	if (sizeof(unsigned) != 4)
285	BUG_sizeof_unsigned_not_4();
286	if (buflen) {
287	out = 0;
288	for (i = 1000000000; i; i /= 10) {
289	res = n / i;
290	if (res \|\| out \|\| i == 1) {
291	if (!--buflen) break;
292	out++;
293	n -= res*i;
294	*buf++ = '0' + res;
295	}
296	}
297	*buf = '\0';
298	}
299	}
300
301	// Convert signed integer to ascii, like utoa_to_buf()
302	void itoa_to_buf(int n, char *buf, unsigned buflen)
303	{
304	if (buflen && n<0) {
305	n = -n;
306	*buf++ = '-';
307	buflen--;
308	}
309	utoa_to_buf((unsigned)n, buf, buflen);
310	}
311
312	// The following two functions use a static buffer, so calling either one a
313	// second time will overwrite previous results.
314	//
315	// The largest 32 bit integer is -2 billion plus null terminator, or 12 bytes.
316	// Int should always be 32 bits on any remotely Unix-like system, see
317	// http://www.unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html for the reasons why.
318
319	static char local_buf[12];
320
321	// Convert unsigned integer to ascii using a static buffer (returned).
322	char *utoa(unsigned n)
323	{
324	utoa_to_buf(n, local_buf, sizeof(local_buf));
325
326	return local_buf;
327	}
328
329	// Convert signed integer to ascii using a static buffer (returned).
330	char *itoa(int n)
331	{
332	itoa_to_buf(n, local_buf, sizeof(local_buf));
333
334	return local_buf;
335	}
336
337	// Emit a string of hex representation of bytes
338	char bin2hex(char p, const char *cp, int count)
339	{
340	while (count) {
341	unsigned char c = *cp++;
342	/* put lowercase hex digits */
343	*p++ = 0x20 \| bb_hexdigits_upcase[c >> 4];
344	*p++ = 0x20 \| bb_hexdigits_upcase[c & 0xf];
345	count--;
346	}
347	return p;
348	}
349
350	// Die with an error message if we can't set gid. (Because resource limits may
351	// limit this user to a given number of processes, and if that fills up the
352	// setgid() will fail and we'll _still_be_root_, which is bad.)
353	void xsetgid(gid_t gid)
354	{
355	if (setgid(gid)) bb_error_msg_and_die("setgid");
356	}
357
358	// Die with an error message if we can't set uid. (See xsetgid() for why.)
359	void xsetuid(uid_t uid)
360	{
361	if (setuid(uid)) bb_error_msg_and_die("setuid");
362	}
363
364	// Return how long the file at fd is, if there's any way to determine it.
365	off_t fdlength(int fd)
366	{
367	off_t bottom = 0, top = 0, pos;
368	long size;
369
370	// If the ioctl works for this, return it.
371
372	if (ioctl(fd, BLKGETSIZE, &size) >= 0) return size*512;
373
374	// FIXME: explain why lseek(SEEK_END) is not used here!
375
376	// If not, do a binary search for the last location we can read. (Some
377	// block devices don't do BLKGETSIZE right.)
378
379	do {
380	char temp;
381
382	pos = bottom + (top - bottom) / 2;
383
384	// If we can read from the current location, it's bigger.
385
386	if (lseek(fd, pos, SEEK_SET)>=0 && safe_read(fd, &temp, 1)==1) {
387	if (bottom == top) bottom = top = (top+1) * 2;
388	else bottom = pos;
389
390	// If we can't, it's smaller.
391
392	} else {
393	if (bottom == top) {
394	if (!top) return 0;
395	bottom = top/2;
396	}
397	else top = pos;
398	}
399	} while (bottom + 1 != top);
400
401	return pos + 1;
402	}
403
404	// Die with an error message if we can't malloc() enough space and do an
405	// sprintf() into that space.
406	char xasprintf(const char format, ...)
407	{
408	va_list p;
409	int r;
410	char *string_ptr;
411
412	#if 1
413	// GNU extension
414	va_start(p, format);
415	r = vasprintf(&string_ptr, format, p);
416	va_end(p);
417	#else
418	// Bloat for systems that haven't got the GNU extension.
419	va_start(p, format);
420	r = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, format, p);
421	va_end(p);
422	string_ptr = xmalloc(r+1);
423	va_start(p, format);
424	r = vsnprintf(string_ptr, r+1, format, p);
425	va_end(p);
426	#endif
427
428	if (r < 0) bb_error_msg_and_die(bb_msg_memory_exhausted);
429	return string_ptr;
430	}
431
432	#if 0 /* If we will ever meet a libc which hasn't [f]dprintf... */
433	int fdprintf(int fd, const char *format, ...)
434	{
435	va_list p;
436	int r;
437	char *string_ptr;
438
439	#if 1
440	// GNU extension
441	va_start(p, format);
442	r = vasprintf(&string_ptr, format, p);
443	va_end(p);
444	#else
445	// Bloat for systems that haven't got the GNU extension.
446	va_start(p, format);
447	r = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, format, p);
448	va_end(p);
449	string_ptr = xmalloc(r+1);
450	va_start(p, format);
451	r = vsnprintf(string_ptr, r+1, format, p);
452	va_end(p);
453	#endif
454
455	if (r >= 0) {
456	full_write(fd, string_ptr, r);
457	free(string_ptr);
458	}
459	return r;
460	}
461	#endif
462
463	// Die with an error message if we can't copy an entire FILE * to stdout, then
464	// close that file.
465	void xprint_and_close_file(FILE *file)
466	{
467	fflush(stdout);
468	// copyfd outputs error messages for us.
469	if (bb_copyfd_eof(fileno(file), 1) == -1)
470	exit(xfunc_error_retval);
471
472	fclose(file);
473	}
474
475	// Die if we can't chdir to a new path.
476	void xchdir(const char *path)
477	{
478	if (chdir(path))
479	bb_perror_msg_and_die("chdir(%s)", path);
480	}
481
482	// Print a warning message if opendir() fails, but don't die.
483	DIR warn_opendir(const char path)
484	{
485	DIR *dp;
486
487	if ((dp = opendir(path)) == NULL) {
488	bb_perror_msg("cannot open '%s'", path);
489	return NULL;
490	}
491	return dp;
492	}
493
494	// Die with an error message if opendir() fails.
495	DIR xopendir(const char path)
496	{
497	DIR *dp;
498
499	if ((dp = opendir(path)) == NULL)
500	bb_perror_msg_and_die("cannot open '%s'", path);
501	return dp;
502	}
503
504	#ifndef BB_NOMMU
505	// Die with an error message if we can't daemonize.
506	void xdaemon(int nochdir, int noclose)
507	{
508	if (daemon(nochdir, noclose))
509	bb_perror_msg_and_die("daemon");
510	}
511	#endif
512
513	void bb_sanitize_stdio_maybe_daemonize(int daemonize)
514	{
515	int fd;
516	/* Mega-paranoid */
517	fd = xopen(bb_dev_null, O_RDWR);
518	while (fd < 2)
519	fd = dup(fd); /* have 0,1,2 open at least to /dev/null */
520	if (daemonize) {
521	pid_t pid = fork();
522	if (pid < 0) /* wtf? */
523	bb_perror_msg_and_die("fork");
524	if (pid) /* parent */
525	exit(0);
526	/* child */
527	/* if daemonizing, make sure we detach from stdio */
528	setsid();
529	dup2(fd, 0);
530	dup2(fd, 1);
531	dup2(fd, 2);
532	}
533	while (fd > 2)
534	close(fd--); /* close everything after fd#2 */
535	}
536	void bb_sanitize_stdio(void)
537	{
538	bb_sanitize_stdio_maybe_daemonize(0);
539	}
540	void bb_daemonize(void)
541	{
542	bb_sanitize_stdio_maybe_daemonize(1);
543	}
544
545	// Die with an error message if we can't open a new socket.
546	int xsocket(int domain, int type, int protocol)
547	{
548	int r = socket(domain, type, protocol);
549
550	if (r < 0) bb_perror_msg_and_die("socket");
551
552	return r;
553	}
554
555	// Die with an error message if we can't bind a socket to an address.
556	void xbind(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *my_addr, socklen_t addrlen)
557	{
558	if (bind(sockfd, my_addr, addrlen)) bb_perror_msg_and_die("bind");
559	}
560
561	// Die with an error message if we can't listen for connections on a socket.
562	void xlisten(int s, int backlog)
563	{
564	if (listen(s, backlog)) bb_perror_msg_and_die("listen");
565	}
566
567	// xstat() - a stat() which dies on failure with meaningful error message
568	void xstat(char name, struct stat stat_buf)
569	{
570	if (stat(name, stat_buf))
571	bb_perror_msg_and_die("can't stat '%s'", name);
572	}
573
574	/* It is perfectly ok to pass in a NULL for either width or for
575	* height, in which case that value will not be set. */
576	int get_terminal_width_height(int fd, int width, int height)
577	{
578	struct winsize win = { 0, 0, 0, 0 };
579	int ret = ioctl(fd, TIOCGWINSZ, &win);
580
581	if (height) {
582	if (!win.ws_row) {
583	char *s = getenv("LINES");
584	if (s) win.ws_row = atoi(s);
585	}
586	if (win.ws_row <= 1 \|\| win.ws_row >= 30000)
587	win.ws_row = 24;
588	*height = (int) win.ws_row;
589	}
590
591	if (width) {
592	if (!win.ws_col) {
593	char *s = getenv("COLUMNS");
594	if (s) win.ws_col = atoi(s);
595	}
596	if (win.ws_col <= 1 \|\| win.ws_col >= 30000)
597	win.ws_col = 80;
598	*width = (int) win.ws_col;
599	}
600
601	return ret;
602	}